Blankenship-Lai, P. H. (2025). “Where Can We Find Ourselves?”: Homelessness, Spirituality, and the Question of God. OKH Journal: Anthropological Ethnography and Analysis Through the Eyes of Christian Faith, 9(1), 29-38.

 

What They Did

The author spent several years developing rapport with young adults in Seattle who were homeless and discussing their concepts of God. They found that spirituality in this setting provided people who were marginalized by society and deprived of fundamental needs with motivation to survive and a sense that their lives mattered. Many of the young adults believed in some sort of spiritual entity, but few believed in the concept of God found in Christianity. Instead, they tended to imagine a creator deity who was not particularly involved in the world or else an internal spiritual source of protection and meaning.

Several credited a spiritual power with helping them escape danger or providing for their needs on occasion. They could imagine a creator who had made the world and sporadically took interest in it but did not believe in one who was committed to the well-being of humanity. The young adults experiencing homelessness had more often than not encountered Christianity as a source of pain and exclusion that made the world less habitable for people like themselves. Neither their experience of Christian institutions nor of the conditions of homelessness suggested the existence of a loving God. Some considered the idea of God to be irrelevant or psychologically dangerous.

The author, who is Christian, suggests that a Christian subfield of anthropology is needed to study human questions from a Christian perspective and conduct research that not only helps to understand people in different communities and circumstances but also seeks to love them.

 

Further Exploration

It’s hard to know how to react to an article like this. There’s plenty that’s interesting, but it all seems trivial compared to the suffering of the young adults experiencing homelessness. I’m not going to be able to solve these problems in 250 words, and I’m not sure what my role is in helping solve them overall. I donate regularly to the local shelter, and if I have cash when someone asks for help, I share with them. It’s not much, but it’s what I can do as a non-expert non-policymaker.

I’m not surprised that the interviewees didn’t connect to the Christian conception of God; I’m more surprised that so many believed in any sort of spiritual entity. On the other hand, cultures around the world have found comfort and meaning in spiritual perspectives, so it might be a natural human tendency, even if it doesn’t apply to every human.

The idea of a Christian subfield of anthropology is interesting. I can imagine different questions being asked from that perspective,  leading to different kinds of research and new understanding. I can also imagine significant disapproval around religious views being explicitly included in supposedly neutral academia. Yet I agree with the theologian N.T. Wright (see https://www.thecontemplativelife.org/blog/historical-jesus-nt-wright-orthodox-jesus) that there is no truly neutral ground because everyone has perspectives that influence their search for truth. Of course, Christians disagree on so many things that I’m not sure how a Christian subfield of any discipline would work, but that’s a rabbit hole for another day!  

Image credit: Eeefid

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gandung.jpg

Update: 3/5/2025

I routinely contact the corresponding authors on the papers I write about in order to give them the opportunity to correct any mistakes and make sure I'm using their work fairly. This past week, I received a response from Dr. Blankenship-Lai, who had this to say about a Christian school of anthropology (quoted with permission): "I suggest noting the Christian school of thought in anthropology began not with me but the good folks at the On Knowing Humanity Research Center. The article I wrote is, in part, my imperfect attempt to help "grow the good" already present in Christian anthropology. As you know, I encourage Christian anthropologists to focus on understanding how Christians have defined and practiced love throughout space and time: both to (a) deepen our understanding of the world, and (b) for the nurturance of a more loving Christian love (that, for example, might help the world respond more effectively to the devastating, global problem of homelessness). Here I am inspired by anthropologists who have long worked to ease and transform social suffering - Kim Hopper, Nancy Scheper-Hughes, and Tanya Marie Luhrmann in particular."

Cacciatori, Cecilia, Anna Gazda, Jan Bodziarczyk, Kacper Foremnik, Aklilu B. Madalcho, Zbigniew Maciejewski, Remigiusz Pielech et al. "Deer browsing increases stem slenderness and crown irregularity and modifies the effects of light gradients on architecture of forest tree saplings." Ecology and Evolution 15, no. 1 (2025): e70837.

 

What They Did

The researchers examined the effects of light intensity and browsing by red deer on the overall slenderness, crown slenderness, and crown irregularity of saplings in three size categories in Polish forests. Sapling data was collected both inside and outside of deer-excluding fences built 10 to 15 years previously. Browsing intensity was calculated based on the size and number of browsed shoots compared to the stem diameter at ground level. The light intensity experienced by each sapling was calculated as the average of the two nearest hemispherical photographs, which were taken every five meters along the sampling transects.  

The researchers found that browsing intensity was inversely correlated with sapling height but directly correlated with sapling slenderness. Browsed saplings were less slender with greater light intensity, but among unbrowsed saplings, this relationship held only for the tallest category, those over 130 cm tall. The tallest saplings also had less slender crowns the more heavily they were browsed. Unbrowsed saplings had more slender crowns with greater light intensity, while browsed small (<90 cm) and medium (90-130 cm) saplings had less slender crowns with more light.

Crown irregularity increased with browsing intensity among medium and tall saplings. Small, unbrowsed saplings had greater crown irregularity with greater light intensity, but the reverse was true for small, browsed saplings. All these relationships were statistically significant, but the effect sizes were small. The researchers propose that some of the differences between browsed and unbrowsed sapling responses to light intensity resulted from deer herbivory reducing competition among saplings.

Further Exploration

This paper reminded me a bit of my own thesis work 15 years ago. I revisited sample plots from a university-owned forest in my area. I had access to data from 10 and 23 years previously: herb layer cover by species and tree and sapling diameters at breast height.

One of the biggest results was a drop in herb-layer species richness and cover. Although I didn’t do any direct experiments on the effects of white-tailed deer, their population in the area did increase between the sampling periods, and a resulting drop in species richness and cover is consistent with other research on the impact of deer on forest ecosystems.

My data also indicated a decrease in the proportion of oak and hickory saplings relative to maple and beech, compared to the data from 23 years previously. This is also consistent with other research suggesting that southeastern oak-hickory forests are being slowly overtaken by maples and beeches as old trees die and aren’t replaced. It might be related to fire suppression, since any given section of the oak-hickory forest would have burned every 10 years or so before European colonization. Red maple is a somewhat “weedy” tree – it grows fast and can tolerate a lot of environmental conditions, but it’s much less fire-tolerant than oak and hickory. It’s not clear to what degree the pre-European fire frequency was natural and to what degree it was the result of management by the indigenous peoples, but that’s a rabbit hole for another day!

Image credit: Heinz Seehagel

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_16.jpg

Long, S. M., Clark, M., Ausloos, C. D., Paul, D., & Finch, K. (2025). A Content Analysis of Neurodiversity Constructs in Counseling Journals. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 47(1).

 

What They Did

The researchers screened over 4000 articles across 21 counseling journals published from 2013 through 2022, looking for articles related to neurodiversity. They found 33, distributed over 14 of the journals, representing about 0.74% of the articles screened. The screening criteria terms used most frequently in the articles were “autism spectrum disorder”, “ASD”, “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder”, “ADHD”, “autism”, “learning disabilities”, “developmental disabilities”, “intellectual disability”, and “developmental disorder.”  

Nine of the articles used terms that indicated a neurodiversity paradigm, treating neurodivergence as a non-pathological aspect of diversity. The terms the researchers chose to represent a neurodiversity paradigm were: “neurotypical”, “twice exceptional”, “masking”, “neurological difference”, and “neurologically diverse.” About 58% of the articles focused on children and youth, 12% on college students, and 24% on adults or young adults. About half of those articles focused on developing theories and half focused on gathering and analyzing data. Of the empirical articles, only two used any of the neurodiversity paradigm terms: one used “neurologically diverse,” and one used “neurotypical.”

The researchers note that although only 0.74% of the articles related to neurodivergence, a much higher proportion of counseling clients (15% to 20% of the global population) are likely to be neurodivergent. They also point out that, with only about half of that 0.74% being evidence-based research, more study is needed to determine the type of counseling techniques that are most beneficial to neurodivergent clients. Finally, they suggest that counselors need to learn about the neurodiversity paradigm and develop greater understanding of neurodivergent life experience.

Further Exploration

I started exploring neurodiversity a year or two ago when I took a course on psychological theories. My interest in B.F. Skinner led me to an article about Applied Behavior Analysis, a controversial intervention for childhood autism that is widely considered by autistic adults to do much more harm than good (see https://neuroclastic.com/why-autism-aba-goes-against-everything-b-f-skinner-believed-in/.)  I explored a lot more on the Neuroclastic site and other sources and found the autistic experiences highly relatable.

It’s hard to say for sure whether I’m clinically autistic. Diagnosis is particularly difficult for adult women with high IQ, partly because autism presents differently in women, partly because women camouflage more due to gendered socialization, and partly because high IQ can help neurodivergent people camouflage (see https://autismspectrumnews.org/what-happened-to-all-the-females-with-autism-spectrum-disorders/ and https://goldencaretherapy.com/symptoms-of-high-functioning-autism-in-female-adults/.) A diagnosed autistic friend thinks I’m likely autistic as well, but this is the only mind I’ve ever had, so it’s hard to be sure. I do find that almost all my friends are neurodivergent, and internet stories suggest that neurodivergent people are disproportionately likely to befriend each other.

Regardless of whether I’m diagnosable, I’m happier and manage my life more easily if I work from the perspective that I’m neurodivergent.  Some of the ways it seems to manifest are: not easily knowing how I feel, especially when with others; needing a lot of time to process my experience; and feeling like my mind alternates between overdrive and exhaustion. There also seems to be a deep tension between people pleasing and demand avoidance, but that’s a rabbit hole for another day!

Image credit: MissLunaRose12

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neurodiversity_Crowd_1.png

Lepš, Jan, and Aleš Lisner. "Resistance and Resilience of Species Composition: Thirty Years of Experimental Mismanagement and Subsequent Restoration in a Species Rich Meadow." Ecology and Evolution 15, no. 2 (2025): e70923.

 

What They Did

The authors studied the changes in species composition of plots in a meadow in the Czech Republic over 30 years. The plots had a total of eight different treatments, determined by the combinations of mowing or not, fertilizing or not, and removing the dominant species (Molinia caerulea) or not. After baseline data was collected, the researchers followed the treatment protocols for 22 years, then restored traditional management (i.e. mowing, no fertilizer, no dominant species removal) for 8 years to see how the communities recovered.

They found the largest impact on species richness from fertilizing. Plots that were fertilized also did not fully recover by the end of the experiment; the researchers suggest the long-term changes in soil nutrients as an explanation. Plots that were simply left alone (i.e. no mowing, fertilizer, or dominant species removal) had a smaller decrease in species richness than those that were fertilized and also recovered faster and more completely when mowing was resumed.

The plots that were both mowed and had dominant species removal had a greater “effective species number,” a metric that includes species evenness rather than just number of species. The plots with just mowing and those with just dominant species removal had a lower effective species number than those with both treatments, but higher than the fertilized plots. All plots, regardless of treatment, experienced a significant change in species composition from the baseline over time; the authors suggest that this was due to a decrease in groundwater availability resulting from climate change.

Further Exploration

I was surprised that mowing was standard for species diversity management in the Czech meadows. After all, nature carried on just fine for millennia before humans came along with their tools. Here in the southeastern United States, it’s more likely for mowing to be avoided to preserve species diversity in some semi-natural areas, such as power line corridors.

On the other hand, prescribed fire is a relatively common management technique, and nature got on fine before humans started setting fires, too. In the case of prescribed fire, part of the purpose is to replace the natural fires from things like lightning strikes. Since humans typically don’t want wildfires near their homes and workplaces, natural fires are often suppressed. This both changes the species composition and tends to increase the buildup of combustible material, making fires more destructive when they do occur. Prescribed fire is one way to partially mitigate the effects of human fire suppression.

 I wonder if mowing replaces some other natural process, such as grazing by large herbivores. According to a site called Conservation Evidence (see https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/133), more intensive agriculture has reduced the species richness of grasslands in Europe, so there’s a benefit to having managed semi-natural areas with a greater variety of herbaceous species.  I also remember learning in grad school that Europe has a much longer history of intensive human influence on the landscape. It’s less clear how much the indigenous peoples of the Americas changed their environment, but that’s a rabbit hole for another day!

Image credit: Jan Lepš

Update: 2/22/2025

I routinely contact the corresponding authors on the papers I write about in order to give them the opportunity to correct any mistakes and make sure I'm using their work fairly. This past week, I received a response from Dr. Lepš, who had this to say about mowing as a land management practice (quoted with permission): "Regarding the mowing – it is very traditional in Central Europe, scythe is known here for more than two millennia. Hay-making was very traditional way to get fodder for cattle – I attach pictures (from the year 2000) in Slovakia with mown meadows and traditional way of drying hay. As a matter of fact, the traditionally managed hay meadows are among the most species rich communities at the scale of 1m^2  – you can see https://www.preslia.cz/article/90." Dr. Lepš was also kind enough to share some photos from the research locality and gave permission to post, so I replaced the previous photo.

Brockmeier, L. C., Mertens, L., Roitzheim, C., Radtke, T., Dingler, T., & Keller, J. (2025). Effects of an intervention targeting social media app use on well-being outcomes: A randomized controlled trial. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 17(1), e12646. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12646

 

What They Did

This study was part of a randomized controlled trial of an app to help people self-regulate their social media use. The authors looked at the effects of the app on self-report measures of well-being, positive and negative affect, and stress level. Many of the participants were psychology students in Germany, but some were from other countries or in other occupations.

Although the participants downloaded the app for the study, it was inactive for the first week to provide a baseline for all participants. At the end of the week, the participants answered the questionnaires on well-being, affect, and stress. During the second week, half the participants had the app active, and the other half served as a control. At the end of that week, the participants took the questionnaires again. For the third week, the experimental participants chose whether to continue using the app, and at the end of the third week, all participants again answered the questionnaires.

The authors did not find a significant change in well-being, negative affect, or stress level for either group between the beginning and end of the study. Both groups showed an improvement in positive affect, and at the end of the study, the experimental group had higher scores for well-being and lower scores for negative affect and stress level than the control group. The researchers suggest that their sample size may have been too small to reach statistical significance for a small effect and the study too short to produce a larger effect.

 

Further Exploration

The app is called WeIlspent, and I like the way the it works according to the paper. Users choose how frequently they want to be reminded about their intentions for social media use, and they also list activities they’d like to do instead. At the specified frequencies, the app reminds the user of their intention and suggests an alternative activity, but the user still decides what to do.

 When I went to look for more information, though, the main page for the company seemed to target other app companies rather than smartphone users (see https://www.wellspent.so/.) The Wellspent page on the Apple store does seem to be more user-focused (see https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wellspent-replace-scrolling/id1643980844), but I found it off-putting to first find marketing to help other app companies get more attention from users.

I don’t have a smartphone and I stopped using social media a few years ago, so I don’t need the app. When I got into scrolling patterns in the past, though, I do think a full-screen interruption of the sort described would have been helpful. Part of what kept me scrolling was that I rarely encountered a natural endpoint. I might not have been particularly interested in what I was reading, but I hoped to find the “perfect” post that would make me feel satisfied and provide a sense of closure. When I did find something interesting, though, I could instead be motivated to seek more.  I wonder if social media holds attention through variable reinforcement, but that’s a rabbit hole for another day!

Image Credit: Geralt

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Social-media-3758364_1920.jpg

Jaafar, S. A. B., Suzuki, R., & Arita, T. (2025). Eco-Evo-Devo in the Adaptive Evolution of Artificial Creatures Within a 3D Physical Environment. Electronics, 14(2), 354.

 What They Did

The authors created “creatures” in a virtual three-dimensional world and evolved them through 10 trials of 1500 generations in a variety of experimental conditions. The virtual world consisted of a flat area interrupted by two valleys, beyond which was a target. The creatures that got closest to the target were included in the following generation, along with a few more produced through virtual mutation of the “parents.”

The creatures all began as rectangular blocks and “grew” additional blocks as limbs according to their “genotypes.” In some experiments, all limbs were grown at the beginning, while in others, growth took place in several developmental steps over the lifespan. Some experiments also included behavior in the genotype, such that the creatures could place objects in the valleys, making them easier to cross. Finally, some experiments kept a selected percentage of added objects in the environment from one generation to the next.

The greatest evolutionary change occurred when the creatures had developmental stages and were able to place objects. In that case, the most successful creatures were those who grew a new limb close enough to the first valley to be launched across it by the force of the growing limb against the ground and those who had the behavior of placing objects in the second valley for easier crossing. When added objects persisted in the environment, the creatures were less successful in general because their object-adding behavior did not immediately adapt to the objects already present, resulting in additional objects forming obstacles.

Further Exploration

Simulations have been used for decades to demonstrate concepts in evolution. I remember seeing simulations of allele frequencies in a population back when I was a TA for freshman biology (see https://www.biologysimulations.com/population-genetics). If you know the starting allele frequencies and relative probabilities of survival/reproduction for different genotypes, it’s just a matter of doing a lot of math really fast, which computers are great at.

The paper made me wonder if simulations are actually used for hypothesis testing in evolution. It turns out they are! (see https://theconversation.com/simulating-evolution-how-close-do-computer-models-come-to-reality-57538 and https://www.nature.com/articles/srep08242.) It’s impossible to model all the complexity of the real world, but researchers can devise their simulations to ask how selection for a trait would look, all other things being equal. In that sense, it’s a perfectly controlled experiment. If other factors play an important role, the results of the experiment won’t hold up in the long run, and the model will have to be refined.

I was surprised to find that the sort of virtual creatures described in the paper were developed in the 1990s (see https://www.karlsims.com/evolved-virtual-creatures.html.) The information I found seemed to focus on the use of virtual creature evolution to make better robots or AI, not so much on the study of biological evolution. I liked the way the paper explored the feedback loop in which inherited behavioral tendencies cause organisms to alter their environment, leading to new selection pressures that could change behavior. I wonder what kinds of hypotheses could be tested with these systems, but that’s a rabbit hole for another day!

Image credit:Evolution by Nick Youngson CC BY-SA 3.0 Pix4free

Zhou, X., Ghorbani, F., Roessner, V., Hommel, B., Prochnow, A., & Beste, C. (2025). Metacontrol instructions lead to adult-like event segmentation in adolescents. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 101521.

 

What They Did

The authors showed the movie The Red Balloon to adults and adolescents, instructing them to press the space bar at event transitions. The movie was divided into three sections for the adolescent group and four for the adult group, with participants taking breaks as long as desired between sections. Each individual also had a five-minute practice video to be sure they understood the task.

During the experiment, individuals wore caps with electrodes to record brain activity. Half of the adolescents were told to make their distinctions as fine-grained as possible, while the other half were not given any special instructions. The two groups of adolescents were matched by age and gender, though each group had 8 to 10 participant records excluded because their data was unusable.

The authors found that the adolescents who were told to make fine-grained distinctions marked more transitions than the other adolescents and a similar number to the adults. The patterns of brain region activation, however, were different between the instructed adolescent group and the adults. The authors note that the adult-style behavior involved greater top-down processing and attention control and that the differences in brain activity may indicate that such behavior is more effortful for adolescents.

The hypothesis of increased effort is also consistent with the fact that the instructed adolescents differed most from the adults during periods when the movie had many things happening at a time. The authors remark that their study suggests that adolescents can use more mature cognition if given instruction.

Further Exploration

Once I read that the authors had used The Red Balloon as the segmenting task, I paused my reading and found the video to try the task for myself (see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw4QbQLqd1E).  I didn’t have the training video or any way to mark space bar presses, so it wasn’t an equivalent setup. I paused the video whenever I saw an event transition, and I used a Notepad file to type in the timestamp and a phrase about what was happening. My breaks were formed by daily life events.

I found the exercise pretty tedious, and I continued only to compare my results to the data in the paper. In the end, I averaged about 7 seconds between events, which was on the low end of the adult results. I had also already read that one group of adolescents had been given the “fine-grained” instructions, so having that in mind may have influenced the way I approached the task.

Some of my cues for a new event were changes in speed or direction of movement, interaction with a new person or object, and scene breaks. Nonetheless, I wondered whether scene breaks really counted when they were simple switches between groups engaged in fairly consistent, repetitive activity. If the two sets of activity had been presented separately, I would have counted each one as a single event, but with the switches, I counted six or so. It feels like mechanical segmentation is different from narrative segmentation, but that's a rabbit hole for another day!

Image credit: Erik Drost

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Igers_Cleveland_(16276155143).jpg

Ahmed, Safaa, Mike Jesson, and Soroosh Sharifi. "A Novel, Ecology-Inclusive, Hybrid Framework for Rainwater Harvesting Site Selection in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions." Water Resources Management (2025): 1-21.

 What They Did

The authors developed a model that included ecological variables in evaluating sites for rainwater harvesting systems. Based on 30 responses to a questionnaire sent to experts, they determined that temperature and light were the most important variables. They considered both direct and indirect effects of these variables on aquatic vegetation, bacterial growth, and aquatic organisms such as fish.

Based on the questionnaire responses, the authors combined the relative strengths of direct and indirect effects to generate weighted values for the importance of temperature and light. They then evaluated four potential sites in Iraq for rainwater harvesting systems using a model with biophysical traits (e.g. amount of rainfall, slope) and socioeconomic traits (e.g. distance to roads, population density). They compared the model results including and not including the ecological traits.

The best and worst sites were ranked the same with and without the ecological data, but the middle two sites switched ranks when the ecological data was used. The authors also evaluated each site with hypothetical ranges of temperature and light values, keeping all other site variables the same and examining the effects of only one ecological variable at a time. The best site at the highest (worst) temperature was better than the worst two sites and equal to the second-best site at the lowest (best) temperature. Similarly, the best site at the lowest (worst) light level was better than the other three sites at the highest (best) light level. This suggests that the selected site was particularly well-suited for rainwater harvesting.

Further Exploration

I got curious about rainwater harvesting systems, and it turns out that they’re really important in dry areas. The paper mentions several systems that are chosen based partly on the slope of the site. Bunds are used in fairly flat, disturbed areas; they’re basically low, curved earthworks around a shallowly dug slope. Rainwater collects at the bottom instead of running off across the soil, making it available for human use and also reducing erosion (see https://www.talkdhartitome.com/post/rainwater-harvesting-using-bunds-a-nature-based-solution).

I found two descriptions of percolation tanks, which are used in slightly sloped areas. One sounds like a reservoir made by flooding part of a streambed (see https://www.chaitanyaproducts.com/blog/percolation-tanks-a-component-for-ground-water-recharging). The other appears to consist of a collection area such as a rooftop, a storage tank from which the water can be accessed, and a conduit between the collection area and the storage tank (see https://www.inrainwaterharvesting.com/rainwater-percolation-tanks.html). The descriptions seem to indicate that the tank type is primarily for direct water use, while the reservoir type is primarily for encouraging water to seep back into the ground and refill aquifers.

The last method I explored was the check dam, which can be used in somewhat steeper areas. The information I found described them primarily as managing runoff rather than as harvesting water for direct use. (see https://permaculturepractice.com/check-dams-permaculture/. In fact, I got the impression that all three methods are used as much for restoring water to the soil as for supplying it for direct use. I’m not sure how those two purposes interrelate in this context, but that’s a rabbit hole for another day!

Image credit: LRBurdak

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rainwater_Harvesting.jpg

About This Blog

 

I’m starting this blog to give myself an outlet for my rabbit-holing. I like learning new things, and I hope to eventually find work as a researcher, science or academic communicator, or editor of journal articles or (any kind of) books.

My goal is to write two posts a week exploring the recent scholarly literature. One post will be on something from the natural sciences, with a center of gravity around ecology, organismal biology, evolution, adaptation, and animal cognition. The second will be on something from human-focused inquiry, with a center of gravity around neuroscience, psychology, neurodiversity, spirituality, and language. These are my two big special interests, and they’re areas I feel excited about exploring with a potential audience.

Each post will be 500 words, split into two sections. The first section will be a 250-word summary of the article: What They Did. I’ll use the citation of the article as the title of the post, so you can access the article yourself if you want more detail. The second section will be Further Exploration: 250 words following whatever curiosity the paper inspires. My purpose here isn’t necessarily to find the most important or obvious question the paper could bring up, though it’s fine if that happens. The main thing I want is space for my creative brain to make and share connections. That “creative concept connection” is another skill I really want to use. I’m hoping this blog allows me to demonstrate it.

If you like the way my mind works, I’d be happy to connect socially or professionally!

Image credit: Peter Rabbit by Ian Greig
                                          https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Rabbit_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5307228.jpg